Amsterdam, Missouri is a small town located in the western part of the state. The area experiences a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cold winters, with average annual precipitation of around 45 inches. The town is situated near the Marais des Cygnes River, a major tributary of the Missouri River, which can cause occasional flooding.

The hydrology of Amsterdam is affected by agricultural practices and land use, with nutrient and sediment runoff from farms and urban areas contributing to water quality issues in the nearby streams and rivers.

Outdoor recreation opportunities in the area include hunting, fishing, and hiking in nearby conservation areas such as the Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge and Truman Lake. The town also hosts an annual fall festival and is known for its historic downtown area.